一、Web API基础概念
1. 什么是Web API?
- 定义:应用程序接口(API)允许不同软件之间通过HTTP协议进行通信。
- 常见形式:RESTful API(基于JSON/XML)、SOAP、GraphQL。
2. 核心概念
- HTTP方法:GET(获取)、POST(创建)、PUT(更新)、DELETE(删除)。
- 状态码:200 OK(成功)、404 Not Found(资源不存在)、401 Unauthorized(认证失败)、500 Internal Server Error(服务器错误)。
- RESTful架构:资源导向,通过URL定位资源,通过HTTP方法操作资源。
二、Python交互API的核心库
1.requests库(最常用)
import requests
# 发送GET请求
response = requests.get(" https://api.example.com/data ")
print(response.status_code) # 输出状态码(如200)
print(response.json()) # 解析JSON响应
# 发送POST请求(带JSON数据)
payload = {"key": "value"}
response = requests.post(" https://api.example.com/create ", json=payload)
2.http.client(低级HTTP库)
import http.client
conn = http.client.HTTPSConnection("api.example.com")
conn.request("GET", "/data")
response = conn.getresponse()
print(response.read().decode())
conn.close()
3.aiohttp(异步请求)
import aiohttp
import asyncio
async def fetch(session, url):
async with session.get(url) as response:
return await response.text()
async def main():
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
html = await fetch(session, " https://api.example.com ")
print(html)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(main())
三、实战案例:调用第三方API
案例1:获取GitHub用户信息
import requests
def get_github_user(username):
url = f" https://api.github.com/users/ {username}"
headers = {"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json"}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
if response.status_code == 200:
return response.json()
else:
raise Exception(f"请求失败:{response.status_code}")
user_data = get_github_user("octocat")
print(f"用户名:{user_data['login']}")
案例2:发送短信(Twilio API)
from twilio.rest import Client
# 配置Twilio账户信息(需替换真实值)
account_sid = "your_account_sid"
auth_token = "your_auth_token"
client = Client(account_sid, auth_token)
message = client.messages.create(
body="自动化运维测试短信",
from_="+1234567890", # Twilio分配的号码
to="+1234567890" # 接收方号码
)
print(f"短信发送成功,SID:{message.sid}")
四、安全与最佳实践
1. 认证与授权
- API密钥:通过Header或URL参数传递(如X-API-Key: your_key)。
- OAuth 2.0:用于第三方授权(如GitHub、Google登录)。
- Bearer Token:常见于现代API(如JWT)。
2. 数据安全
- HTTPS:确保通信加密(Python默认启用)。
- 敏感数据脱敏:避免在日志或错误信息中泄露API密钥。
- 输入验证:防止恶意输入(如SQL注入)。
3. 错误处理
import requests
try:
response = requests.get(" https://api.example.com ", timeout=5)
response.raise_for_status() # 触发HTTPError异常(如404)
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"请求失败:{e}")
except ValueError as e: # JSON解析错误
print(f"数据解析失败:{e}")
五、进阶主题
1. 异步请求(高性能场景)
import asyncio
import aiohttp
async def fetch_all(urls):
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
tasks = [fetch(session, url) for url in urls]
return await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
async def fetch(session, url):
async with session.get(url) as response:
return await response.json()
# 并发请求多个URL
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = loop.run_until_complete(fetch_all([
" https://api.example.com/data1 ",
" https://api.example.com/data2 "
]))
print(results)
2. WebSocket通信
import websockets
import asyncio
async def hello():
uri = "wss://echo.websocket.org"
async with websockets.connect(uri) as websocket:
await websocket.send("Hello, WebSocket!")
response = await websocket.recv()
print(f"收到响应:{response}")
asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(hello())
3. API文档与测试
- Swagger/OpenAPI:生成交互式API文档(如Swagger UI)。
- Postman/Insomnia:测试API的工具。
- 自动化测试:用pytest+requests编写测试用例。
六、总结与下一步
- 掌握requests库的核心用法。
- 了解RESTful API设计原则。
- 学会安全调用第三方API。